Journal: Nature Communications
Article Title: A self-sufficient system for fog-to-water conversion and nitrogen fertilizer production to enhance crop growth
doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60340-0
Figure Lengend Snippet: a Three sets of WCNPS, each including the FWC of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 . b Schematic diagram of 3D FWC subjected to vertical (y direction) fog flow. c The particle image velocimetry characterization for 3D FWC units encountering wind from y direction. d Collected water of 3D FWC, single-layer and double-layer 2D FWCs with the size of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 (wind speed: ~1 m/s, fog flow rate: ~5 L/h). e Schematic of the biphilic wedged spines surface. f , The growth of droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. g The water collection rate (WCR) of blank (hydrophobic substrate), biphilic-1(The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 3 mm), biphilic-2 (The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 2 mm) and full-cover hydrophilic surface. h The four layouts of biphilic surfaces classified based on droplet detachment behavior. l , w and h are spacing, width and height of hydrophilic points. i The gravity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{g}\right)$$\end{document} F g and adhesion \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{a{dh}}\right)$$\end{document} F a d h of a droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. R is the droplet radius. j The critical detachment radius \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({R}_{c}\right)$$\end{document} R c on the vertical biphilic surface with different spacing between hydrophilic spots ( l ). k The comparison of WCR between fog harvesting units with layout II and other layouts. All error bars indicate ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Article Snippet: To calculate dynamic electric field dispersion, we use COMSOL 3D and 2D frequency domain simulations of the spherical electrodes, and use physical field interfaces such as electric fields, electromagnetic waves, and dielectric electrics to simulate scenarios.
Techniques: Comparison
![a Three sets of WCNPS, each including the FWC of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 . b Schematic diagram of <t>3D</t> FWC subjected to vertical (y direction) fog flow. c The particle image velocimetry characterization for 3D FWC units encountering wind from y direction. d Collected water of 3D FWC, single-layer and <t>double-layer</t> <t>2D</t> FWCs with the size of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 (wind speed: ~1 m/s, fog flow rate: ~5 L/h). e Schematic of the biphilic wedged spines surface. f , The growth of droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. g The water collection rate (WCR) of blank (hydrophobic substrate), biphilic-1(The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 3 mm), biphilic-2 (The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 2 mm) and full-cover hydrophilic surface. h The four layouts of biphilic surfaces classified based on droplet detachment behavior. l , w and h are spacing, width and height of hydrophilic points. i The gravity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{g}\right)$$\end{document} F g and adhesion \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{a{dh}}\right)$$\end{document} F a d h of a droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. R is the droplet radius. j The critical detachment radius \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({R}_{c}\right)$$\end{document} R c on the vertical biphilic surface with different spacing between hydrophilic spots ( l ). k The comparison of WCR between fog harvesting units with layout II and other layouts. All error bars indicate ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_7043/pmc12117043/pmc12117043__41467_2025_60340_Fig2_HTML.jpg)